Any type of cancer is when a specific kind of cell, anywhere in the body, becomes malignant and multiplies exponentially, causing the malignant tissue that contains the diseased cells to spread. Biologically, cells divide, break, and multiply for the execution of various functions in the body, but this multiplication is controlled by the brain and the respective organ that the cell is a part of. A cell or a tissue being malignant means this multiplication becomes uncontrollably or, in laymen’s term, the cell or the tissue becomes rogue. Another characteristic of such rogue cells is that their life span is higher than the life span or endurance level of a normal cell. Both these characteristics of these cells are interconnected. Causes Breast cancer is caused due to lumps found in the breast, which develop due to the unusual multiplication of the cells and due to mutation that takes place in the gene responsible for cell growth. The breasts consist of two parts: Lobules are the parts of the breasts that are responsible for producing milk. Ducts are the veins that get the milk from the lobules to the nipple. These are the two places where breast cancer forms most of the time.

Menopause occurs at a certain point in a woman’s life when her menstrual cycle permanently ceases. This could be due to the depleting levels of estrogen and progesterone in their body as a result of aging. Due to menopause, a woman stops having periods and ceases to be fertile, thereby no longer being able to conceive. Medically, diagnosis is usually made after a woman has missed her periods for 12 consecutive months after her last period. Menopause is not considered a disease or a condition but rather a normal stage in life. Sometimes, the symptoms can start many years before a woman’s final period. This transition stage before attaining menopause is known as perimenopause. Perimenopause usually starts in a woman during her late 40s. The average age of women who go through menopause in the country itself is 52 years as per the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Meanwhile, 1 in every 100 women experiences menopause before turning 40. This is known as premature menopause. Menopause can cause some profound changes in a woman’s body, which can be uncomfortable and unpleasant, to say the least. Some of the common and significant symptoms are: Irregular Periods One of the first noticeable symptoms of menopause is changes in a woman’s menstrual cycle.

Cancer, the very word is enough to conjure up fear in the minds of people regardless of who they are and where they are from. Such is the notoriety of this word. Among the hundreds of different kinds of cancers out there and new ones still being discovered, the one that widely affects women in the country is cervical cancer. Cancer at a very fundamental level is the mutation of the cells that begin to grow out of control in the body and become cancerous. What needs to be understood is cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancerous and can spread to other body parts as well in an advanced state, something called as invasive or metastatic cancer in medical terms. Cervical cancer has its genesis in the cells lining of the cervix or cervix uteri, which is the lowermost part of the uterus, the cervix connects the body of the uterus to the vagina. This comes within the larger spectrum of the female reproductive system. This cancer is seen mostly in women in their midlife, between the ages ranging from 35 and 45 and above, but seldom in younger women who are in their 20s or younger.

Osteoporosis is a disease of the bones that make them thin and weak causing them to break even at the slightest of physical trauma. Most of the people in the country are at risk of developing osteoporosis due to low bone mass. Although osteoporosis is more common in older women, anyone can develop the condition especially if they are more susceptible to certain risk factors. Mentioned below are some common risk factors of osteoporosis: Being petite Aging The family history of osteoporosis Consuming certain medication Being of Caucasian or Asian descent Having a low bone density As osteoporosis is a silent disease, one may not recognize its onset until they either get it checked or break a bone. Therefore, it is important to get a bone mineral density test done at regular intervals to keep a check on bone health. There are three main elements that help in preventing osteoporosis—Calcium, Vitamin D, and Exercise. Calcium: Following a diet that is directly rich in calcium is one of the best ways to prevent oneself from osteoporosis. As calcium content varies in every food, it is important to ensure that one is eating foods that have high calcium content. The recommended intake of calcium in people is around 3-5 serves of calcium-rich food.

Staging of ovarian cancer allows medical professionals to figure out the extent of the condition down to its locality. It is imperative to understand the scope of cell growth in the affected region for proper diagnosis. Identifying the stage will also help medical professionals asses the severity of the symptoms to determine a proper recourse for treatment. Ovarian cancer has four primary stages along with multiple substages that explain the spread of cancer in detail. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics and American Joint Committee on Cancer use the TNM system for diagnosis. The TNM system determines the extent of the tumor, the spread to lymph nodes, and the extent of metastasis to distant sites. This article gives a brief overview of all the stages of ovarian cancer: Stage I (T1) The cancer is mainly confined to the ovaries and does not spread outside the general area. Substage grouping T1 indicates the mutation of cells starting in the fallopian tubes that rarely spread to the lymph nodes located nearby. Stage T1a, on the other hand, indicates cancer has started growing in one of the ovaries but is confined within as no cancer cells develop on the outer surface of the fallopian tubes.